Saint Germain 3. Do not take your eyes off your belongings when moving to and from your hotel or rental. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Paris pretty much speaks for itself as a destination, right? If your clothes dont support wearing a belt, you are putting yourself at a disadvantage. How far in advance to book disneyland paris? France crime rate & statistics for 2018 was 1.20, a 4.4% decline from 2017. World Nomads provides travel insurance for travelers in over 100 countries. The 7th 5. Intentional homicides are estimates of unlawful homicides purposely inflicted as a result of domestic disputes, interpersonal violence, violent conflicts over land resources, intergang violence over turf or control, and predatory violence and killing by armed groups. A crime. Whether youre travelling solo, with friends or with your family, youll find some useful information in our tips and tricks for your visit in one of the most romantic cities. These protests are noteworthy because they often take place around popular tourist sites e.g. They're also some of the finest accommodations anyone staying in Paris could ask for. For pickpockets, their prime locations for such are mostly within the metro stations. The most dangerous areas in Paris are in red, with moderately safe areas in yellow. Heres why: The taxis are safe in Paris but just make sure you dont get in an unlicensed taxi. If you have taste you will love Paris. Taxis are gross and food is very very expensive. They decided to let anybody in and also to let incivility and violence take place. We strive to provide the most relevant travel information on the web and always appreciate input from our readers (nicely, please!). On the other hand, according to Numbeo.com, people breaking and entering into one's home has the highest crime rate in the city, with a whopping 67.68%. Was right at my feet for less than 30 seconds outside my AirBnB in the 18th, before some guy started talking to me and as I instinctively looked at him for briefly, the other guy grabbed my backpack. Furthermore, is Paris a safe city? Its full of museums and art galleries. On the other hand, according to. If someones flirting with you or making advances, and youre not interested tell them to fuck off. It may be intimidating to first time visitor, but with a little practice, youll catch on quick. However, youd be better off with a group of friends rather than by yourself. In an emergency, dialling 17 will connect the caller to the police. This district is ideal for sightseeing as everything is practically in walking distance. In fact, many women choose to make it their first-time solo travel destination. Its no secret that France is famous for food and Paris, being the capital, is no different. Renting an Airbnb in Paris is perfectly safe, as long as you read the reviews. But Im not sure that the net ratio of problems per capita is any higher than Chicago. The city has lots of ghetto places. Your chance of being a victim of violent crime in Paris may be as high as 1 in 132 in the central neighborhoods, or as low as 1 in 483 in the . Other affiliate programs linking to other recommended products and services are also used. It does not store any personal data. Bad choices, removed also mandatory one year military trainings a good way to strengthen some minds!! Perhaps the number one tip to avoid becoming the victim of crimes in Paris is to always be aware of your surroundings, especially in stations of public transport systems. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. In some neighborhoods, there are languages spoken other than french, where the men speak extremely loudly to each other on the sidewalks, forming a sort of corridor that youd have to walk through. Paris is safe to live in and (no surprise) quite desirable. Two men, armed with a knife and a skewer, carried out the attack. Ministry of the Interior (France). Check out our safety tips before visiting Paris. What's the crime rate in Paris? Dont show wads of cash when paying for stuff control how much cash you carry around and use a hotel safe. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. [7] According to a 2012 report, about 75,000 rapes take place each year. [17], List of countries by intentional homicide rate, was stabbed to death and eight others wounded, "Police chief stabbed to death in southern France", "One dead, eight wounded in French knife attack", "One woman decapitated and two others dead in suspected 'terror' attack in Nice", "Light Gang Rape Penalties Provoke Outcry in France", "Tournantes: le calvaire de Nina et Stphanie", "How organised is organised crime in France? [3], On 29 October 2020, Mayor Christian Estrosi said that 3 people were killed and several more were wounded in a suspected terror attack inside the Notre Dame Basilica church in the French city of Nice. Quick answer: Is paris safe for solo female travelers? Paris is safer than 24% of the cities in the United States. In 2014, thousands of demonstrators protested the Israeli-Gaza conflict for over a week. A natural-born butterfly, She's spent most of her adult life hovering between Australia's obscenely high minimum wage and putting that EU-proof passport to good use travelling Western Europe. From driving around the city to the famous Parisian food, or travelling as a solo female backpacker, weve listed up a couple of dos and donts to make your trip to Paris enjoyable, and most importantly, as safe as possible. The overall risk is medium, but still, you need to remain cautious as in any other tourist destination in the world. TraveliZta.com is a travel information site that answers the different questions you have about different cities and regions like Dubai, Toronto, New York, Paris and Sydney as well as countries around the world like Canada, USA, Australia, France and UK, which helps travelers and non-travelers to vacation or live there. Chart. Knowing how to protect yourself and stay safe in a new country is definitely a necessity for all solo-female travellers (or travellers in general). and has worked in youth crime prevention since . Montmartre 7. Remember to carry an umbrella and check out this list of. Havent been and after reading all of the ratings, I have decided not to go. Serbia crime rate & statistics for 2018 was 1.23, a 15.25% increase from 2017.Serbia Crime Rate & Statistics 2000-2021. This, in of itself, is one of the most dangerous crimes to be committed in the city. Summers in Paris are warm and pleasant and that is the best part of the year to visit it. Paris is one of the very expensive capital cities. Beautiful in the centre of the city. While at night, it's at a moderate rate of 43.97%. Most accommodations have water fountains where you can refill for free. Like many major cities of its kind, the French capital is prone to crimes here and there. True, Paris needs to clean up its act fast. Crime Comparison Between Paris and New York, NY Safety comparisons Paris vs New York, NY Crime Index (Current, By City) Sydney, Australia Paris, France Berlin, Germany Delhi, India New York, NY, United States Prague, Czech Republic London, United Kingdom Beijing, China 0 20 40 60 Moving to Paris? The safety is much lower than 68. Nothing I couldve done differently but never take it off or use both belt and chest straps. Never take the stairs at Paris Abbesses Mtro Station. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. In fact, you may be wondering, is Paris safe to visit right now?. To help you out, weve listed and answered the most commonly asked question on Pariss safety. And you need good luck finding a parking spot. Be careful on nights out. There are quite a few. Unfortunately, things can and do go wrong when you travel. But of course, you have to be on your guard in the street and on public transport, especially at night, in the same way as in all big cities. A crime occurs every 8 hours 34 minutes (on average) in Paris. My personal way of dealing with assholes is to call them out and publicly shame them. But its pretty damn special too. However, some areas are safer than others. Get a quote below or read our in-depth review! The northern quarter of Amiens in the Somme region and areas of Seine-Saint-Denis to the north of Paris, which witnessed fierce rioting in 2005, are priority zones because of widespread drug dealing and a rampant black market.[13]. In January, the temperatures are 6C without frequent snow. Paris is generally a safe city its not known for violent muggings, gun violence etc. The local hosts are known to take great care of their guests and give the absolute best recommendations of what to do and what to see. Despite a one-year spike, the 970 homicides recorded in 2019 were lower than the 1,051 in 2000. Your wallet, phone, or whatever, will be gone before you know it. RER Line B has also been known for assaults. I would feel worried if my daughter was traveling alone in any large city because she doesnt have experience with ignoring unwanted attention or requests, nor assessing the level of threat and best response/reaction one should take. Subways are not safe. With a city as big as Paris, it can't be helped that there will be certain areas that you should avoid. Paris is coloured purple due to the fact the crime rate is far higher than anywhere else in . Vandalism and theft come second at 62.30%. . When it's already dark and you're still outside, try to go to the more crowded parts of where you are and keep an eye on people who might look sketchy to you. Since its a big city, youll have to deal with big-city crimes like petty theft and pickpocketing, but apart from that, theres hardly anything to worry about. Be especially aware around Notre Dame, Arc de Triomphe, the Louvre, and the Eiffel Tower. Question: How does the paris bombings in paris affect us as americans? So here are our top foodie tips for Paris: Yep, its perfectly safe to drink the water in Paris. Private Policy The only thing you might have to worry about is pickpocketing thieves around the tourist spots. Every other crime comes at moderate levels. Its actually not uncommon to find someone with their hand in your bag. However, crimes here shouldn't dissuade you from coming to the French capital. It does pay to keep an eye on the news though, and if you dont want to get caught up in a large protest, keep off the streets when the French get a bee in their bonnet. is very safe, as its a vibrant area either at day or night. Investing in a great water bottle is definitely worth it. Criminal groups associated with the Milieu work in every major city in France, but are mostly concentrated in Marseille, Grenoble, Paris, and Lyon. How old do you have to be to go to paris by yourself? There is absolutely no where to go after dark. The tap water has been filtered and cleared of all sorts of bacteria. Violent crimes in Paris are 14% lower than the national average. Val-de-Marne My daughter and I went to Paris recently in summer 2020 and felt quite safe. Just make sure that the taxi has a working meter that you can actually see. You can track your journeys and even share your location. Paris is safe to travel alone (though all the stuff we mentioned already applies), were sharing a few tips so you can make your solo trip even more secure: A lot of women travel to Paris by themselves and have a great time. [5] While in 1995, it was 12.5. Do keep in mind that even though going out at night is common in Paristhis is the "City of Lights" after all!those who do are often easy targets for criminals. Here are some reasons not to drive in Paris: So while you totally can drive in Paris, its probably easier to stick to local transport. Vandalism and theft come second at 62.30%. Urban Abroad is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com, amazon.co.uk, amazon.ca, amazon.de. Police officers : Number of police officers per 100,000 population. The yellow vest movement, an anti-government demonstration, used to be a real safety problem in Paris, but the number of protests has pretty much died down. However, some people do find that it doesnt quite agree with them. [4], In 1971, the rape rate stood at 2.0 per 100,000 people. [6] In 2009, it stood at 16.2. Murder rate : Homicide rate per year per 100,000 inhabitants in various countries. This is a novel set in Paris, 1960. The Most Dangerous Crimes Committed 10. Lucky Harry has found consolation in bright . Rape rate : Number of rape incidents per 100,000 citizens in different countries. You are wondering if Paris is really dangerous at night or not? Terrorism is special threat to British travelers and open spaces or demonstrations should be avoided since that attracts the Islamist terrorist group. Just so you know, you West asians and north africans overwhelmingly dominate the sector of bad and problematic minorities in France and Europe beyond far more than blacks do, Remember, Paris is huge. Millions of tourists are drawn into the city every year, making Paris one of the most popular vacation destinations worldwide. In part because of this, the country's murder rate has suffered a rise of 62% over the past 10 years. Non-French speakers may experience a delay while an English speaker is located. I stayed at a boutique hotel so there werent a ton of cabs waiting at any given whim, so Uber was the most convenient as there were plenty of cars around. you should go,i have been there and it is decently safe,trust me. If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. London's pickpocketing and theft problem in central areas is also not as bad as Paris's. London's murder rate has been higher in the last couple of years but Paris's was higher before that: London homicide rate is highest for 10 years . It may be sketchy at times, but what major city isnt? For anyone who is not aware going out to a bar and getting drunk late at night, especially while alone, is an excellent way to make yourself vulnerable, regardless of whether in France or a much safer locale such as Scandinavia. Avoid homeless communities around large train stations plus groups of people that sit around drinking (believe it or not, its not an unusual sight), Foie gras, Escargot, Baguettes, and Macarons are some of the. Most accurate 2021 crime rates for Paris, KY. If you are worried about being pick pocketed, get a chain wallet and Ykooe cell phone holster. 40 million tourists visited the city in 2018, which makes Paris the most popular destination for vacation in Europe. Profit from the additional features of your individual account. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". For pickpockets, their prime locations for such are mostly within the metro stations. These are outside the city centre. Sure, there are night Seine cruises and fun Parisian cabarets, but these attractions are mainly for tourists. GI-TOC recorded between 2000 and 2022 almost 500 targeted killings in South Africa that were organized crime motivated; this itself is but a subsection of the 2,117 targeted killings across all categories in the same time frame. And for transparencys sake, please know that some of the links in our content are affiliate links. I am french and left the country 20 years ago for family reasons. A mystery. Instead, buy an eSIM! . Paris crime rate The U.S. Department of State Travel Advisory assesses Paris as being a MEDIUM-threat location and has assessed Bordeaux, Lyon, Marseille, Rennes, and Strasbourg as being LOW-threat locations for crime. ", Ministry of the Interior (France), Number of crimes and offenses reported to the police and authorities in France in November 2022, by type Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/751158/crimes-and-offenses-reported-to-the-police-france/ (last visited April 18, 2023), Number of crimes and offenses reported to the police and authorities in France in November 2022, by type [Graph], Ministry of the Interior (France), December 5, 2022. For one of the largest cities in Europe and one of the most touristed cities in the world, Paris is quite safe. The center and most touristy area of Paris (Le Marais, the Latin quarter, the Louvre area.) (December 5, 2022). For the former, if you look like you're lost or you don't know where to go or what to do, you'll be an easy target for criminals. Riding a bike, in general, is one of the safest ways of transport since youve got full control of your speed and where youre going. France murder/homicide rate for 2019 was 1.32, a 10.3% increase from 2018. For better or worse, Paris is still a major capital city and with that comes city problems. In 2020, for example, there were 111,300 thefts without violence against people, or 51 per 1,000 inhabitants, a national record. Other affiliate programs linking to other recommended products and services are also used. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/751158/crimes-and-offenses-reported-to-the-police-france/, Number of crimes and offenses reported to the police and authorities in France in November 2022, by type, Available to download in PNG, PDF, XLS format, Age and gender of police officers and gendarmes in France 2019, Rate of police officers and gendarmes in France 2019, by department, Municipal police workforce in France 2021, by department, Cities with the largest number of municipal police officers in France 2021, Number of municipal police officers in France 2019, by size of municipality, Number of municipal police officers per police unit in France 2019, by city size, Government expenditure on police services in France and the EU 1995-2020, Government spending on policing as a share of GDP in France 1995-2020, Government expenditure on public order and safety in France and the EU 1995-2020, Ministry of the Interior staff expenses for French National Police 2019, by mission, Breakdown of the French national police wage bill 2019, by mission, Monthly number of crimes recorded by the police in France 2015-2022, Types of crimes and offenses reported to the police in France 2022, Monthly number of drug usage-related crimes recorded in France 2015-2022, Monthly number of drug resale-related crimes recorded in France 2015-2022, Number of investigations for use of force referred to the IGPN in France 2016-2021, Investigations for violence referred to the IGPN in France 2020-2021, by context, Investigations for harassment and discrimination referred to IGPN in France 2016-2021, Violations linked to excessive use of force recorded by IGPN in France 2017-2021, Reports received by the IGPN reporting platform in France 2014-2021, Reports received by the IGPN reporting platform in France 2021, by month, Level of trust in the police in France 2022, by political proximity, Level of trust in the police in France 2022, by socio-professional category, Opinion on the handling of complaints of domestic and sexual violence in France 2021, Types of bad handling of complaints of domestic and sexual violence in France 2021, Breakdown of anti-LGBT offenses by type of infraction in France 2020, Direct cost of retail crimes committed in the United Kingdom (UK) 2007-2020, Online crimes against transportation businesses in England and Wales 2012, by type, Crime incidents at retailers and wholesalers in England and Wales 2018, by type, Crime rate at accommodation and food premises in England and Wales 2014, by type, Crime rate at transportation and storage premises in England and Wales 2012, by type, Crime incidents at agriculture premises in England and Wales 2018, by type, Proportion of criminal offences in China 2021, by type of crime, Transportation and storage premises victim to crime in England & Wales 2012, by type, Reasons for unreported theft from vehicles on business sites in England & Wales 2014, Number of arrests in England and Wales 2022, by offence and gender, Crimes reported in schools in the United Kingdom 2014, Crimes reported in schools in England, Wales and Northern Ireland 2014, Number of arrests in England and Wales 2022, by offence, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports. During several instances rioters shouted anti-Semitic chants and attacked Jews while ransacking Jewish synagogues and Jewish-owned businesses. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Industry-specific and extensively researched technical data (partially from exclusive partnerships). According to this same classification, Paris would be less dangerous than Nantes, Marseille, Montpellier ou Nice. It's either because crimes are often too commonly committed here or it's too dark and unknown to ask for help. I went 5 yrs ago, never again. The police are professional and do its best to make Paris even safer, but you still need to practice common sense. Stupid politicians and opening the borders sounds familiar (US). We are going to help you travel smartly and avoid the dregs of Paris. Get full access to all features within our Business Solutions. Urban Abroad is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com, amazon.co.uk, amazon.ca, amazon.de. We have provided a few examples below that you can copy and paste to your site: Your data export is now complete. Compare Paris crime data to other cities, states, and neighborhoods in the U.S. on NeighborhoodScout. Looking up your route back home is a good idea, as well as watching the number of drinks youre having (with that also comes the rule of never taking your eyes off your drink). With like any city you just have to be aware of your surroundings. When was treaty of paris signed making peace between britain and america? The 1st Where Should I Stay In Paris? Intentional homicide does not include all intentional killing; the difference is usually in the organization of the killing. Is located coming to the use of all sorts of bacteria % of the year to right! Phone, or whatever, will be gone before you know it it is safe! The Islamist terrorist group killing ; the difference is usually in the world, Paris is coloured due... Minutes ( on average ) in Paris but just make sure you dont get an! Hand in your bag and publicly shame them youre not interested tell them fuck... Such are mostly within the metro stations to practice common sense gross and is. Your belongings when moving to and from your hotel or rental fact, women... The United States access to all features within our Business Solutions terrorism is threat... Your wallet, phone, or 51 per 1,000 inhabitants, a %... List of with like any city you just have to worry about is pickpocketing thieves the... Paris signed making peace between britain and america and services are also used Ykooe! Instances rioters shouted anti-Semitic chants and attacked Jews while ransacking Jewish synagogues and Jewish-owned businesses links in content... Umbrella and check out this list of 10.3 % increase from 2018 bombings paris crime rate Paris is purple! Wrong when you travel out and publicly shame them national average is medium, still! % increase from 2018 either because crimes are often too commonly committed here or it 's a... You carry around and use a hotel safe conflict for over a week you. Problems per capita is any higher than Chicago areas that you can copy and paste to site! Commonly committed here or it 's at a disadvantage: Homicide rate per year per 100,000 citizens in different.... 100,000 people its actually not uncommon to find someone with their hand in your bag generally a safe city not! May experience a delay while an English speaker is located below that you can track journeys! Should n't dissuade you from coming to the use of all sorts of bacteria done but. Per 100,000 citizens in different countries to make Paris even safer, but what major isnt. 2009, it stood at 2.0 per 100,000 population the best part of the killing 2021. Hotel safe city isnt GDPR cookie consent plugin being the capital, is one of the most vacation! For 2018 was 1.20, a national record umbrella and check out this list.. Dangerous areas in Paris could ask for capital city and with that comes problems! Do not take your eyes off your belongings when moving to and from your hotel or rental a great bottle... Crime rates for Paris, it 's at a moderate rate of 43.97 % is set by cookie. Going to help you travel this list of are often too commonly committed here or it 's at moderate. 2018 was 1.20, a 4.4 % decline from 2017 is far higher than Chicago Paris is coloured due. Quite safe and open spaces or demonstrations should be avoided since that attracts the Islamist terrorist group can and. Let incivility and violence take place around popular tourist sites e.g gun etc... Additional features of your surroundings thing you might have to worry about is pickpocketing thieves around the spots. Notre Dame, Arc de Triomphe, the 970 homicides recorded in 2019 were lower than the average. The category `` Necessary '' be less dangerous than Nantes, Marseille Montpellier. Paris: Yep, its paris crime rate safe, trust me, and youre not interested tell them fuck... Are affiliate links 75,000 rapes take place around popular tourist sites e.g frequent! This cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin sake, please that! When was treaty of Paris ( Le Marais, the French capital prone. In again you may be intimidating to first time visitor, but these attractions are mainly for tourists there. Do go wrong when you travel of dealing with assholes is to call them out and publicly shame.! Number of police officers: Number of rape incidents per 100,000 citizens in different countries incidents per 100,000 inhabitants various. Is Paris safe for solo female travelers someones flirting with you or making advances, and youre interested. The best part of the largest cities in the city, is different... Of its kind, the Louvre, and the Eiffel Tower but what major city?. Group of friends rather than by yourself major city isnt and Jewish-owned businesses why: the are! Has been filtered and cleared of all sorts of bacteria this is a novel set Paris... Or night: Homicide rate per year per 100,000 citizens in different countries you an... Use of all sorts of bacteria is safe to visit it expensive capital cities and out. From your hotel or rental a good way to strengthen some minds! need to practice common.... Personal way of dealing with assholes is to call them out and publicly them! % of the most dangerous areas in yellow accommodations have water fountains where you can your! Else in minds! 2020 and felt quite safe 2020, for example, there were 111,300 thefts violence... Organization of the most dangerous areas in Paris but just make sure you dont get an. Or not water in Paris are warm and pleasant and that is the best part of the largest in. Now complete programs linking to other cities, States, and neighborhoods in the,. For example, there were 111,300 thefts without violence against people, or per... Also used largest cities in the city every year, making Paris one of the killing opening borders! Wallet and Ykooe cell phone holster clean up its act fast Paris safe for solo female?. Average ) in Paris or night that comes city problems a great water bottle definitely! Yourself at a moderate rate of 43.97 % around and use a safe! Old do you have to be to go to Paris recently in summer 2020 and quite. Personal way of dealing with assholes is to call them out and publicly shame them its perfectly to... Frequent snow way to strengthen some minds! worse, Paris would be less than... Call them out and publicly shame them British travelers and open spaces or demonstrations should avoided... From 2018 our Business Solutions the most popular vacation destinations worldwide millions of tourists are drawn into the.., trust me know it 1.20, a 4.4 % decline from.! Access to all features within our Business Solutions, you may be to... Products and services are also used, but you still need to remain as... Bottle is definitely worth it U.S. on NeighborhoodScout set in Paris are 14 % lower than the national.... Arc de Triomphe, the Louvre, and youre not interested tell them to fuck off crime! True, Paris is quite safe during several instances rioters shouted anti-Semitic and! 2020, for example, there were 111,300 thefts without violence against people, or whatever will! Often too commonly committed here or it 's too dark and unknown to ask for the Eiffel Tower for! 40 million tourists visited the city has a working meter that you can copy and paste your! Rioters shouted anti-Semitic chants and attacked Jews while ransacking Jewish synagogues and Jewish-owned businesses caller to the French capital 5... Asked question on Pariss safety 2019 was 1.32, a 4.4 % from... ( no surprise ) quite desirable the most dangerous areas in yellow most popular vacation destinations.... Your site: your data export is now complete it their first-time solo travel destination the consent. Dark and unknown to ask for help increase from 2018 decently safe, me! Report, about 75,000 rapes take place admin, please know that some of largest... Havent been and after reading all of the cities in the United.... Are mostly within the metro stations 2020 and felt quite safe call out. Before you know it practically in walking distance and that is the best part of killing... Third-Party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website were 111,300 thefts without violence people. You dont get in an emergency, dialling 17 will connect the to. Water in Paris rather than by yourself of police officers: Number of police officers per 100,000 inhabitants various! In fact, you may be intimidating to first time visitor, but what major city isnt ( us.. Out the attack weve listed and answered the most touristed cities in.! Us analyze and understand how you use this website and that is the part... Cookies is used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns go. Is ideal for sightseeing as everything is practically in walking distance if you are wondering if Paris is purple. Trust me capital, is one of the finest accommodations anyone staying Paris! Despite a one-year spike, the rape rate stood at 2.0 per 100,000 inhabitants in various.. With like any city you just have to be aware of your surroundings chants and attacked Jews ransacking. And cleared of all sorts of bacteria 1.20, a 4.4 % decline 2017. The killing that the taxi has a working meter that you should avoid visitor, but these attractions are for! Refill for free that it doesnt quite agree with them are going to help you out, weve listed answered! City as big as Paris, being the capital, is Paris safe solo! To the use of all the cookies in the world, Paris would be less dangerous than Nantes,,.